![]() ![]() It was the blue pigment par excellence of Roman antiquity its art technological traces vanished in the course of the Middle Ages until its rediscovery in the context of the Egyptian campaign and the excavations in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Already invented in the Predynastic Period of Egypt, its use became widespread by the 4th Dynasty. Egyptian blue (blue frit), calcium copper silicate CaCuSi 4O 10, made by heating a mixture of quartz sand, lime, a flux and a copper source, such as malachite. The first known synthetic pigment was Egyptian blue, which is first attested on an alabaster bowl in Egypt dated to Naqada III ( circa 3250 BC). ![]() Charcoal-or carbon black-has also been used as a black pigment since prehistoric times. Also found in many Paleolithic and Neolithic cave paintings are Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe 2O 3, and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe 2O 3. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the place names remained. These pigments were among the easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. Raw sienna and burnt sienna came from Siena, Italy, while raw umber and burnt umber came from Umbria. Pigments based on minerals and clays often bear the name of the city or region where they were originally mined. ![]() A favored blue pigment was derived from lapis lazuli. Ochre, iron oxide, was the first color of paint. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in a cave at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka, Zambia. Early humans used paint for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Minerals have been used as colorants since prehistoric times. Binders and fillers can affect the color. Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. The product of the source spectrum and the reflectance spectrum of the pigment results in the final spectrum, and the appearance of blue. Sunlight encounters Rosco R80 "Primary Blue" pigment. ![]()
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